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There are fossils of viruses, of sorts, preserved in the DNA of the hosts that they’ve infected. Including you. This molecular fossil trail can help us understand where viruses came from, how they evolved and it can even help us tackle the biggest question of all: Are viruses alive?

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References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3094976/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4609113/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19270719/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4096385/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3758182/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3190193/
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00679842/document
http://bioinformatics.cvr.ac.uk/paleovirology/site/html/posts/2013-04-15_what_is_paleovirology.html
http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/04/giant-viruses-found-austrian-sewage-fuel-debate-over-potential-fourth-domain-life
https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/viruses/a/are-viruses-dead-or-alive
https://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/yellowstone/viruslive.html
https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/the-origins-of-viruses-14398218#
https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/discovery-of-the-giant-mimivirus-14402410
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2976387/
https://www.nature.com/news/giant-viruses-open-pandora-s-box-1.13410
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19561090
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2946954/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2906475/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179036/
https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/05/a-7000-year-old-virus-sequenced-from-a-neolithic-mans-tooth/559862/
http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9P2P1
http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1001191

The coronavirus lab leak theory has been gaining more traction, with circumstantial evidence growing about the Wuhan lab.

#WuhanVirus #COVID19 #WION

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Note pdf link : https://app.box.com/s/kq8alz0xiq423l6g13q3pc9at8n8an78

Viruses can also cause diarrhea diarrhoea.

.

Chapters

0:00 Introduction
0:04 Causes of Sudden Diarrhea
0:17 Traveller’s Diarrhea
0:48 Viral Gastroenteritis
1:19 Medications
1:39 Food Intolerance

Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose, liquid, or watery bowel movements each day.[2] It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss.[2] Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour.[2] This can progress to decreased urination, loss of skin color, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness as it becomes more severe.[2] Loose but non-watery stools in babies who are exclusively breastfed, however, are normal.[2]

The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus, bacterium, or parasite—a condition also known as gastroenteritis.[2] These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by feces, or directly from another person who is infected.[2] The three types of diarrhea are: short duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, and persistent diarrhea (lasting more than two weeks, which can be either watery or bloody).[2] The short duration watery diarrhea may be due to cholera, although this is rare in the developed world.[2] If blood is present, it is also known as dysentery.[2] A number of non-infectious causes can result in diarrhea.[5] These include lactose intolerance, irritable bowel syndrome, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis, hyperthyroidism, bile acid diarrhea, and a number of medications.[5][6][7] In most cases, stool cultures to confirm the exact cause are not required.[8]

Diarrhea can be prevented by improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap.[2] Breastfeeding for at least six months and vaccination against rotavirus is also recommended.[2] Oral rehydration solution (ORS)—clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar—is the treatment of choice.[2] Zinc tablets are also recommended.[2] These treatments have been estimated to have saved 50 million children in the past 25 years.[1] When people have diarrhea it is recommended that they continue to eat healthy food and babies continue to be breastfed.[2] If commercial ORS is not available, homemade solutions may be used.[9] In those with severe dehydration, intravenous fluids may be required.[2] Most cases, however, can be managed well with fluids by mouth.[10] Antibiotics, while rarely used, may be recommended in a few cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever, those with severe diarrhea following travelling, and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites in their stool.[8] Loperamide may help decrease the number of bowel movements but is not recommended in those with severe disease.[8]

About 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year.[2][5][11] It is most common in developing countries, where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year.[2] Total deaths from diarrhea are estimated at 1.53 million in 2019—down from 2.9 million in 1990.[4] In 2012, it was the second most common cause of deaths in children younger than five (0.76 million or 11%).[2][12] Frequent episodes of diarrhea are also a common cause of malnutrition and the most common cause in those younger than five years of age.[2] Other long term problems that can result include stunted growth and poor intellectual development.[12]

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Genetic mutations aren’t as scary as they sound. With RNA viruses, like the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19, they’re happening constantly — basically every time it replicates. But not all mutations stick, and not all the ones that stick are bad. In fact, mutations are actually necessary for tracking and containing COVID-19. Here’s how viruses mutate and why you shouldn’t be worried when you hear about them.

MORE CORONAVIRUS COVERAGE:
What Could Be The Fastest Way To End The Coronavirus Crisis?

Will Warm Weather Stop COVID-19?

Why COVID-19 Death Predictions Will Always Be Wrong

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#Coronavirus #Mutation #ScienceInsider

Science Insider tells you all you need to know about science: space, medicine, biotech, physiology, and more.

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How Viruses Like The Coronavirus Mutate

This video describes the #immunesystem and explains how it detects and attacks any foreign organism that enters the body.

The immune system has two parts, innate and adaptive. The innate is the first to detect when an organism does not belong to a body and directs the adaptive to tackle the intruder.

The current protocol to control the immune system during a #transplant is immunosuppressant drugs, these drugs paralyse the immune system and prevent it from attacking the kidney but leave the body vulnerable to infection

We learn how the team in the MRC Centre for Transplantation at King’s College London have developed a way to harness the power of the Immune System after a transplant, whilst maintaining the body’s capacity to resist #infectiousdiseases.

Learn more ▶️https://www.ukri.org/about-us/mrc/

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We think you’ll like…

Kidney Perfusion | New Drug to Protect Kidneys From Immune System During Transplant
▶️ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ix378XOomSo

Cutting Edge Biomedical Imaging | MRI Scan of a Person’s Brain
▶️ https://www.youtube.com/shorts/0LupvsT87Ec

ABOUT THE MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (MRC)

The Medical Research Council (MRC) improves the health of people in the UK – and around the world – by supporting excellent science, and training the very best scientists.

Find out more ▶️ https://www.ukri.org/councils/MRC/

#MRC #Medicine #MedicalSciences #MedicalResearch #Innovation #Health

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In this animation, the differences between bacteria and viruses are explained. How does a bacterium or virus enter the body? And what are typical complaints of a viral or bacterial infection? Finally, the different treatments for bacterial and viral infections are mentioned.

Health TV makes complex medical information easy to understand. With 2D and 3D animations checked by medical doctors, we give information on certain diseases: what is it, wat are the causes and how is it treated? Subscribe to our Youtube channel and learn more about your health!

Healthchannel attempts to make complex medical information easy to understand. With 2D and 3D animations checked by medical doctors, we give information on certain diseases: what is it, wat are the causes and how is it treated? Subscribe to our Youtube channel and learn more about your health!

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How are viroids different from viruses?

Q5 How Viroids are different from Viruses | Biological Classification | CBSE Class 11 Biology

This video is a part of the series for CBSE Class 11, Biology demo videos for the chapter “Biological Classification”. In this series, we have completed all the concepts, examples and the entire NCERT exercises. It is the part of an initiative taken by www.shikshaabhiyan.com to provide quality online education to students free of cost on YouTube.
We will add video lectures for other chapters and subjects for class 10 very soon. Meanwhile, we recommend that you take a look at our website or download our Android app (links are given below) to get the complete course of class 10 Maths and Science. You can check our collection of video classes for class 9 to 12, which have a new and more interactive way of learning. This has been specially devised to give a one-to-one learning experience JUST LIKE YOUR SCHOOL or TUITION. You can also assess your learning skills with our ‘’Academic Test” especially designed by experienced educators which is based on the CBSE curriculum (it is absolutely free for the entire academic session). There are many other attractive features at www.shikshaabhiyan.com that will help you top your CBSE board exams. Just click on the links given below to enter this new world of virtual learning at its best.

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For nearly 50 years, computers have been getting infected with worms and viruses, programs designed to spread from machine to machine. In this video, we take a look at how these digital diseases got their start, alongside more unique examples of self-replicating software.

Music Used:
Tiptoe Out the Back – Dan Lebowitz (0:00)
Future Proof – South London HiFi (2:52)
Weekend in Tattoine – Unicorn Heads (6:25)
Some Other Place – South London HiFi (9:46)

Clips in Order of Appearance:
The Computer Chronicles – UNIX – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DdoGPav3fc (1:32, 2:09, 2:48)
WORLD’S FIRST COMPUTER VIRUS – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AVVnhBDCFDs (4:32)
The Computer Chronicles – Computer Viruses – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qg4oNW2xAms (5:01, 5:54)
Detroit CBS News – Michelangelo Virus – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a33IFawA-ec (6:58, 7:12)
Michelangelo Virus News – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aAMiENI0_J4 (7:09)
“I Love You” Email Virus – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHUi04CwSFk (8:50)
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Whatever you need a website for, create yours today with Wix: https://www.wix.com/go/infographics

Many of us at some point in time have had a computer start acting very strange; there are a lot of threats out there, and many come in the form of viruses. Computer viruses got their name because they act like viruses, and replicate. They infect lots of files on a machine and can be spread to another machine by doing thing things like sending files to someone else, or using an infected USB drive on another computer. Then you have worms, adware, Trojans, and Rootkits, which are hard to detect and can give attackers control of your machine. Perhaps even more frightening are ransomware attacks, where someone gets ahold of your data, sometimes sensitive data, and makes you pay to get it back. Today we’ll look at some of the biggest attacks on computers, in this episode of the Infographics Show, The world’s most dangerous computer viruses.

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Explore the lytic and lysogenic viral replication cycles with the Amoeba Sisters! This video also discusses virus structures and why a host is critical for viral reproduction. Expand details for table of contents and further reading suggestions! This updated video replaces our older virus video from 2013.

Table of Contents:
00:00 Video Intro
0:29 Intro to a Virus
1:10 Virus Structure
2:30 Lytic Cycle
3:41 Lysogenic Cycle
4:48 HIV
5:52 Viruses in Gene Therapy, Pesticide

We cover the basics in biology concepts at the secondary level. If you are looking to discover more about biology and go into depth beyond these basics, our recommended reference is the FREE, peer reviewed, open source OpenStax biology textbook: https://openstax.org/details/books/biology

***************************************************************
Further Reading Suggestions:

Learn more about the Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV)- a virus that can target pest insects. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260423951_Nuclear_Polyhedrosis_Virus_NPV_A_Potential_Biopesticide_A_Review

How does Gene Therapy Work? (from NIH)
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/therapy/procedures

We received a great comment asking about how viral DNA may go undetected. Check out this great journal article:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4348004/

****************************************************************

The Amoeba Sisters videos demystify science with humor and relevance. The videos center on Pinky’s certification and experience in teaching biology at the high school level. For more information about The Amoeba Sisters, visit:
http://www.amoebasisters.com/about-us.html

We cover the basics in biology concepts at the secondary level. If you are looking to discover more about biology and go into depth beyond these basics, our recommended reference is the FREE, peer reviewed, open source OpenStax biology textbook: https://openstax.org/details/books/biology

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What is a virus and how do they work? In the first video in the series, WinchPharma Science & Health look at viruses, how they infect cells and reproduce, as well as some of the practical uses they have.
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By taking over the machinery of human cells. Learn more at http://www.vaccinemakers.org
Play a Kahoot! trivia game based on this animation. Visit http://www.vaccinemakers.org/trivia
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